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@#The incidence rate of vascular dementia is increasing year by year, and there is still no effective treatment at present, so it is very important to reduce the risk of developing vascular dementia. Research shows that diabetes is associated with vascular dementia. Based on the research literature related to diabetes and vascular dementia from January 1995 to April 2023, This article reviews the relationship between diabetes and vascular dementia, pathological mechanism and prevention and control strategies. It is found that diabetes can promote the occurrence and development of vascular dementia by inducing cerebrovascular disease, oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction, using hypoglycemic drugs, removing the incentives of cerebrovascular disease, maintaining the stability of blood-brain barrier and adhering to a healthy lifestyle are the main measures for the prevention and control of vascular dementia at this stage. Future research needs to further explore the mechanism of vascular dementia induced by diabetes, and seek economic and effective prevention targets.
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Objective: To explore the present situation and epidemiological characteristics of pesticide poisoning in Chengdu City from 2012 to 2021, and to provide scientific evidence for further prevention and control. Methods: In January 2022, the pesticide poisoning report cards of Chengdu City from 2012 to 2021 were collected from the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System. The data of the report card was reorganized and the distribution characteristics of pesticide poisoning such as time, region, gender, age and pesticide types were analyzed. Results: 14326 cases of pesticide poisoning were reported in Chengdu City from 2012 to 2021, 651 deaths, and the fatality rate was 4.54%. The cases of productive pesticide poisoning and unproductive pesticide poisoning were 504 and 13822, respectively. The fatality rates of productive and unproductive pesticide poisoning were 1.39% and 4.66%, which were significant different (χ(2)=11.99, P=0.001). The highest reported cases of pesticide poisoning was in 2013 (1779) and the lowest in 2021 (1047). The number of reported cases showed a downward trend year by year (t=-12.30, P<0.001), and the fatality rates also showed a downward trend year by year (χ(2)(trend)=25.48, P<0.001). The fluctuation range of unproductive pesticide poisoning cases in each month of the year was small, and the productive pesticide poisoning mainly occurred from May to August. The regions with the largest number of reported poisoning cases were Pengzhou (1620), Jianyang (1393), Jintang (1266) and Qionglai (1158). The high incidence of poisoning was among 25-54 years old (50.21%, 7193/14326). The fatality rate in the age group 75-96 years old was the highest (8.98%, 95/1058), and the fatality rates increased gradually with age (χ(2)(trend)=186.03, P<0.001). The pesticides causing poisoning were mainly insecticide (43.86%, 6284/14326) and herbicides (35.75%, 5121/14326). Herbicides paraquat had the highest fatality rate (9.54%, 286/2998) . Conclusion: Pesticide poisoning in Chengdu City is mainly unproductive poisoning. Health education should be carried out for key areas and people, and the control of highly toxic pesticides such as insecticide and herbicides should be strengthened.
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Humans , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Adult , Middle Aged , Insecticides , Pesticides , Herbicides , Paraquat , Cities , Poisoning/epidemiologyABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemic intensity and characteristics of influenza in Changzhou City， Jiangsu Province from 2019 to 2023， and to provide scientific evidence for the formulation of influenza prevention and control strategies. MethodsThe surveillance data of influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals in Changzhou City from April 2019 to March 2023 were collected through the China influenza surveillance information system. Influenza-like illness （ILI） cases before and after the pandemic of COVID-19 in Changzhou City were analyzed， and the differences among qualitative data were compared by using χ² test. ResultsFrom April 2019 to March 2023 the percentages of ILI cases’ medical visits in the four-influenza surveillance year were 2.57%， 1.84%， 5.38%， and 3.66%， respectively， and the positive detection rates of influenza virus were 25.71%， 0.44%， 22.78%， and 24.32%， respectively. The number of influenza outbreaks was 61， 1， 23， and 128， respectively. ILI cases were mainly among adolescent children aged 5‒14 years. The percentage of ILI cases in 2020‒2021 after the pandemic of COVID-19 was significantly lower than that in 2019‒2020 （χ2=737.342， P<0.001）， and the percentage of ILI cases in 2021‒2023 was higher than that in 2019‒2020. Influenza viruses in 2019‒2021 were dominated by type B Victoria， and influenza A virus was the dominant strain in positive influenza virus detections in 2022‒2023. The number of influenza outbreaks in 2021‒2023 was significantly lower than that in 2019‒2020 （χ2=185.662， P<0.001）. ConclusionThe epidemiological characteristics of influenza are different in different stages of COVID-19 prevention and control during 2019‒2023. In the dynamic clearance phase of COVID-19， ILI case’s medical visits showed low-level fluctuations without obvious seasonal fluctuations， and influenza virus was dominated by type B. In the high-intensity phase of the pandemic， the level of ILI case’s medical visits has reached the peak of the calendar year， and the positive detection of influenza virus was dominated by type A H3N2. In the "Category B B control" phase， the level of ILI case’s medical visits increased after a rapid decline， and the positive detection of influenza virus was dominated by type A H1N1. It is necessary to further strengthen the monitoring of influenza cases， pay close attention to the changes in influenza strains， actively promote influenza vaccination for key population group， and promote health behavior changes for the whole population.
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Plague natural foci in Gansu Province are large in area and widely distributed, and the epidemic status is different in each focus. Some plague natural foci have been resting for many years and are under stable control. In other plague natural foci, the epidemic of plague among animals is relatively active, and dozens of strains of Yersinia pestis can be isolated every year. The plague among animals spreads to the humans from time to time, and the cases of human plague are more severe, short in course of disease, and high in mortality. In recent years, with the sharp increase of migrant workers engaged in grazing and engineering construction in plague natural foci, opportunities to actively contact infected animals such as marmots, hares and sheepdogs have increased, resulting in an increase of human plague cases. In addition, the behaviors of illegal hunting, trafficking and sale of marmots cannot be stopped, resulting in human plague throughout the year. Therefore, the party committees and governments at all levels and the health administrative departments in Gansu Province have formulated the plague prevention and control measures suitable for this region according to the epidemic characteristics of plague among animals and humans. In this paper, the characteristics of plague epidemic situation at present and the prevention and control measures adopted in Gansu Province are discussed, in order to provide scientific basis and guidance for optimizing plague prevention and control measures in the future.
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ObjectiveTo assess the effects of countermeasures against coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） in Shanghai from March to May 2022 in comparison with epidemiological trend of COVID-19 in New York City. MethodsDaily confirmed cases， asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers， and daily deaths were obtained in the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention （CDC） of the United States. Descriptive study was conducted by using these data. ResultsFrom March 1 to May 17， the number of daily asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in Shanghai was up to 58 times as large as that of daily confirmed cases； however， the number of daily confirmed cases in Shanghai was generally less than that in New York in the same time period. At the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic， the growth of daily attack rate in Shanghai was significantly lower than that in New York （P<0.05）. Moreover， the number of daily death was evidently less than that in New York. In addition， the vaccination rate in the elderly （aged ≥60 years） in Shanghai was evidently lower than that in New York （aged ≥65 years）. ConclusionThe COVID-19 epidemics in Shanghai from March to May 2022 and in New York after December 2021 were both caused by the Omicron variant. Compared with the Delta variant， the Omicron variant has stronger replication ability and infectivity， resulting in challenges to the containment of the epidemic in metropolis such as Shanghai and New York City. The epidemic in New York City remained crucial due to absence of effective countermeasures， while that in Shanghai has been effectively contained with strict countermeasures. The prevention and control strategies may be adjusted along with the continual evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and increasing trend of imported COVID-19 cases.
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This study introduces the current status of the coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） epidemic， the adjustment of response initiatives， and the global variation of novel coronaviruses and vaccination in Europe， the United States， Japan， and Singapore. It summarizes the achievements in prevention and control efforts in China during COVID-19 epidemic. In addition， it describes the key public health issues in Chinese response strategy that includes： promoting the establishment of a population immunization system； optimizing health certification by unifying health codes， trip codes， and vaccine passes as a triple-identification at the national level； retaining nucleic acid testing as a technical means of detecting the source of infection and epidemiological investigation of close contacts； adhering to the requirements of public places， public transportation and other measures such as wearing masks； strengthening the surveillance of COVID-19 and respiratory infectious diseases； normalizing the timing of implementation of prevention and control strategies.
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This study introduces the current status of the coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） epidemic， the adjustment of response initiatives， and the global variation of novel coronaviruses and vaccination in Europe， the United States， Japan， and Singapore. It summarizes the achievements in prevention and control efforts in China during COVID-19 epidemic. In addition， it describes the key public health issues in Chinese response strategy that includes： promoting the establishment of a population immunization system； optimizing health certification by unifying health codes， trip codes， and vaccine passes as a triple-identification at the national level； retaining nucleic acid testing as a technical means of detecting the source of infection and epidemiological investigation of close contacts； adhering to the requirements of public places， public transportation and other measures such as wearing masks； strengthening the surveillance of COVID-19 and respiratory infectious diseases； normalizing the timing of implementation of prevention and control strategies.
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【Objective】 To analyze the infection status of syphilis among voluntary blood donors in Nanyang area, aimed to provide references for the recruitment of blood donors and ensure blood safety. 【Methods】 Enzyme-linked immunosorbend test(ELISA method) was used to screen the blood samples of 45 6981 voluntary blood donors from 2013 to December 2020, and the reactive blood samples of TP antibody were confirmed by treponema pallidum particle agglutinaation(TPPA method), the syphilis infection status in different population was compared and analyzed. 【Results】 Among 456 981 blood samples, 1 088 were reactive for anti-TP by ELISA method, and 714 were positive for syphilis(714/456 981, 0.15%); the total positive rate and positive rate of male and female in voluntary blood donors decreased year by year; female donors(347/180 987, 0.192%), first-time donors(613/324 188, 0.189%), whole blood donors(708/433 432, 0.163%) and married donors(668/399 899, 0.167%) had a significantly higher syphilis seroprevalence than male donors(367/275 994, 0.133%), repeated donors(101/132 793, 0.076%), apheresis platelet donors(6/23 549, 0.025%) and unmarried donors(46/57 082, 0.080%), respectively, and the differences between two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05); the positive rate in donors with junior high school and below was significantly higher than other groups; the positive rate in donors of 35~44 years old was higher than other age groups, with statistically significant difference(P<0.05); syphilis seroprevalence among different occupational groups was statistically significant (P<0.05); Among 714 donors, co-infection with other viruses were noted in 40 cases(40/714, 5.60%), and only TP infection in 674 cases(674/714, 94.40%). 【Conclusion】 The TP seroprevalence among voluntary blood donors in Nanyang area showed a downward trend from 2013 to 2020, the majority of TP seropositive population are first-time donors, married donors, whole blood donors, donors with lower academic qualifications, and farmers/individual donors. Strengthening the consultation towards high-risk blood donors before blood donation, and recruitment of blood donors from low-risk groups can reduce / avoid the transmission of syphilis through blood transfusion and ensure the safety of blood transfusion.
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The new coronavirus pneumonia has been listed as one of the Class B infectious disease but is managed as Class A infectious disease. To prevent and control its spread in hospitals, the outpatient department is the first key gate. Based on the relevant diagnosis and treatment strategies of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, combined with the actual situation of the hospital's epidemic prevention and control work, this article formulated comprehensive prevention and control strategies from the perspective of the patients and staffs. From the aspects of organization and leadership, medical epidemic prevention, pre-screening and screening, process formulation, admission management, cleaning and disinfection, epidemic report, prevention and control supervision, personnel and material deployment, patient education, comprehensive management, personnel management and psychological support and so on, advice and guidance on prevention and control of this infectious disease in outpatient department of hospital were provided.
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Objective To study the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus (SFTSV)-related vector biological monitoring in Daishan County, Zhoushan Island of Zhejiang Province, and to explore the prevention and control strategies. Methods The monitoring was conducted as follows:squirrel-cage method was used for rodents from 2012 to 2014;the Buqi method for free tick density in villages and towns with confirmed cases in Daishan County from 2015 to 2018;and body surface comb method for parasitic ticks.RT-PCR method was used to detect SFTSV in ticks and rat specimens.Epidemiological survey followed by extensive health education was conducted from 2011 to 2015.Comprehensive health prevention and control measures, such as precision health education and chemical elimination of vectors were taken from 2016 to 2018. Results A total of 327 rodents were captured, including 172 stinking shrews, accounting for 52.60%, and 92 yellow mice, accounting for 28.13%.The main species of ticks was Haematopsus longicortus, accounting for 94.20%.Among them, there were 135 parasitic ticks in three species:Haematopsus longicorum, S.scallopus, and T.nigra. There were 382 free ticks in 6 species, including Haematopsichum longicorum, Sickle fan tick, Hemophilus fannicus, Ixodes ovaliformis, Ixodes granulata, and Ixodes sinensis.From May to October in 2015, the density of field ticks was ≥50 per cloth flag.From May 2016 to 2018, after the elimination application of chemical agents for elimination, the density of ticks was ≤50 per cloth flag.All ticks and rodent specimens tested by RT-PCR were negative for SFTSV.Since precision education in 2016, the awareness rate of SFTS in rural areas has increased from 32.05% to 83.33%.Approximately 70 early warning notices for the epidemic situation were issued in advance.Since 2017, the number of SFTS has been declining year by year, and only 8 cases occurred in 2018. Conclusion In the field environment, chlorothalonil is the dominant mouse species and long horn blood ticks are the dominant ticks.The government leadership, cooperation among departments, technical service provided by professional organization, health education, reduction of tick density in residential environment, timely risk early warning notice, and other comprehensive prevention and control hand strategy all contribute to the achieved result of prevention and control.
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After implementing a series of prevention and control strategies of Corona Virus Disease 19(COVID-19), China′s local epidemic situation has been basically blocked.While China has achieved a periodic success, global pandemic situation is still serious.Together with the timeline of China′s epidemic prevention and control this study reviewed the main strategies and measures in response to COVID-19 epidemic from Dec.2019 to Mar.23, 2020, and summarized China′s prevention and control plans and experiences.We hope all countries could fully understand the importance of non-pharmaceutical public health interventions, make positive and effective adjustments to the measures and strategies of prevention and control based on their own national conditions.
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[Objective] To investigate the awareness rate of AIDS and STDs related knowledge, the epidemic features of high-risk behaviors and related risk factors among pregnant women in a sentinel hospital of Liangxi District of Wuxi City. [Methods]The pregnant women who built health care manual or accepted pregnancy health care from April to June in every year during 2010-2015 were investigated.[Results]Of more than 2 400 pregnant women investigated, the infection rates of HIV, syphilis, and HCV were 0.04％, 0.46％ and 0.25％. The awareness rate of knowledge was 85.79％. But, the understanding of AIDS was not scientific and comprehensive. [Conclusion]The infection rates of HIV and other STDs were observed at low levels among pregnant women in the sentinel hospital of Liangxi District. But, some still had high-risk behaviors. The mastery degree of the knowledge of AIDS prevention and control were not comprehensive. Policy advocacy, health education, voluntary consultation test and many other prevention and control strategies must extend the coverage from high risk groups to pregnant women and many other general population. Intensive education about AIDS should be carried out to help people have a correct and scientific understanding of AIDS.
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Objective To analyze the overseas imported malaria situation of Shijiazhuang City from 2012 to 2015,so as to provide the evidence for exploring the prevention and control strategy. Methods The data of overseas imported malaria were collected and analyzed with the descriptive method including Plasmodium species,population characteristics,epidemic focus distribution,onset time,diagnosis and treatment in Shijiazhuang City from 2012 to 2015,and the time from the onset to first medical visit,time from first medical visit to being diagnosed,and time from onset to being diagnosed of different Plasmodium species were analyzed respectively with the statistical analysis method. Results A total of 92 overseas imported malaria cases were reported in Shijiazhuang City from 2012 to 2015,including 88 cases from African countries(falciparum malaria taking 53.41％),and 4 cases from Southeast Asian and other countries(vivax malaria taking 50％). Eighty-nine cases were distributed in 28 counties(districts)of 6 cities in Hebei Province,except 2 persons with foreign nationalities and 1 with Anhui Province cen-sus register. The male and young adults were dominant. The median time from the onset to seeing a doctor was one day and the median time from seeing a doctor to being diagnosed was five days. Most cases were reported by the Fifth Hospital of Shijia-zhuang which was the sentinel hospital. Totally 42.39％of the cases were misdiagnosed when the first visit to a doctor. All of the cases were laboratory confirmed and 100％of them received the standard treatment after diagnosis. Conclusions The overseas imported malaria cases are increasing rapidly with years and the malignant malaria cases were more than other malaria cases in Shijiazhuang City. It is necessary to further strengthen the long-term cooperation mechanism between the medical institutions and the entry-exit inspection and quarantine department. The technician training should be strengthened to avoid the severe cas-es and death cases.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County from 2010 to 2015, and to provide practical scientific basis for the development of effective prevention and control measures. Methods The case data of pediatric hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County were analyzed from the Chinese disease prevention and control information system. The epidemiological analysis of case distribution was carried out. Results There were 6944 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County from 2010 to 2015, the average annual incidence rate was 199.54/10 million. The disease had obvious seasonal peak, mainly in the period from April to July, and the second peak appeared in some years. The incidence is mainly from 1-3 years old population, the youngest is one month old, the oldest is 26 years old;the ratio of male to female is 1.49:1. Conclusion The epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County are obvious seasonal, population and regional. In order to protect children's health, it's need to carry out the prevention and control of diseases actively according to the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County from 2010 to 2015, and to provide practical scientific basis for the development of effective prevention and control measures. Methods The case data of pediatric hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County were analyzed from the Chinese disease prevention and control information system. The epidemiological analysis of case distribution was carried out. Results There were 6944 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County from 2010 to 2015, the average annual incidence rate was 199.54/10 million. The disease had obvious seasonal peak, mainly in the period from April to July, and the second peak appeared in some years. The incidence is mainly from 1-3 years old population, the youngest is one month old, the oldest is 26 years old;the ratio of male to female is 1.49:1. Conclusion The epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County are obvious seasonal, population and regional. In order to protect children's health, it's need to carry out the prevention and control of diseases actively according to the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of the imported malaria cases in Guangxi Zhuang Autono?mous Region in 2014,so as to assess the transmission risk and explore the prevention and control strategy. Methods The data of the malaria epidemic situation in the network direct report system of Guangxi in 2014 and the annual report of malaria epidem?ic situation in 14 cities were collected. The epidemiological information of the imported malaria cases was analyzed. Results A total of 184 malaria patients were reported in Guangxi in 2014,with a descent rate of 85.29%when compared to that in 2013 (1 251 cases),and the incidence rate was 0.35/100 000. All the cases were imported from abroad,and four species of Plasmodi?um were found in their blood samples. The number of falciparum malaria cases was the most(49.46%),followed by the ovale malaria cases(32.07%). All the cases were distributed in 32 counties(districts)of 11 cities ,and 65.76%of them were distrib?uted in Shanglin County. Most of the cases were male(98.37%),and those aged in 20-49 years accounted for 87.50%. The im?ported cases came from 14 countries of Africa(86.41%)and 2 countries of Southeast Asia(13.59%),in which,48.37%of the cases were imported from Garner. The main occupation of the cases in abroad was gold mining work(86.96%). The cases were reported all the year around,with no obvious seasonality. The interval time of back home to attack of the patients with tertian ma?laria and ovale malaria was longer. Conclusion Africa and Southeast Asia is the main source of imported malaria cases in Guangxi,and the migrant workers returning home may have the risk of malaria recurrence,which should be paid enough atten?tion to.
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Clonorchiasis is one of the food?borne parasitic diseases. Adult parasites live in the human liver and gallbladder tube system,causing serious complications,such as gallstones,cholecystitis and cholangitis,and even bile duct cancer. The disease is very popular in our country,and the population infection rate is high. It is an important public health problem. Guang?dong Province is the earliest province being found of clonorchiasis and with serious epidemic. In the second national human para?sitic diseases distribution survey,the results showed that the average infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis in the epidemic areas in Guangdong was 16.42%. It is estimated that the population of C. sinensis infection is over 6 million. The prevention and con?trol of clonorchiasis in China is still in the initial stage currently and we face many challenges such as unclear epidemic charac?teristics and transmission mode,and lack of long?term prevention and control mechanism. This article introduces the epidemic situation of clonorchiasis and prevention and control strategies and measures in Guangdong.
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Objective To survey the prevalence of hypertension in population of Keshan disease endemic areas, in order to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of hypertension in rural areas of our country.Methods One hundred and twenty villages were selected as the survey places based on case-finding from 15 provinces including Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Hubei, Yunnan,Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing and Mongolia in 2009.The subjects were permanent residents in the survey places.Basic situation of all subjects was collected through the questionnaire survey and blood pressure was measured by a clinician.Diagnostic criterion for hypertension was based on the Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension.Results Totally 33 558 subjects aged 18 and over were surveyed, including 8 699 hypertension patients.The positive rate of hypertension was 25.9％ (8 699/33 558), among that 26.3％ (3 532/13 408) were males,and 25.6％ (5 167/20 150) were females.The positive rate of hypertension increased with age (x2 =3 348.325, P ＜0.05).In the classification of hypertension, the proportion of stage 1, 2 and 3 hypertension and isolated systolic hypertension was 31.8％ (2 770/8 699), 26.1％ (2 273/8 699), 17.2％ (1 492/8 699) and 24.9％ (2 164/8 699),respectively.Conclusions The positive rates of hypertension in Keshan disease endemic areas are higher than those of the national average (18.8％).Hypertension is a serious public health problem in Keshan disease endemic areas.The strategy of hypertension prevention and control should be formulated for remote rural areas.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Luoyang City,so as to pro-vide the evidence for malaria prevention and control in this city. Methods The Epidemic situation data from network reports, as well as the case survey and the epidemiological investigation data of imported malaria were collected and analyzed in Luoyang City from 2010 to 2013. Results A total of 98 imported malaria cases were reported in Luoyang City from 2010 to 2013,includ-ing 35 cases of vivax malaria,57 cases of falciparum malaria,4 cases of ovale malaria and 2 cases of quartan malaria. All the cases were confirmed by laboratory detection. Seventy-one cases(72.44%)returned from African countries,and 27(27.55%) cases returned from Southeast Asian countries. The majority cases were young man,and 78.57%of the cases were diagnosed by different levels of centers for disease control and prevention. There was no significant seasonal variation in onset time. The medi-an time from onset to seeing doctor was 6 days. Conclusions The epidemic situation of imported malaria is quite serious in Luoyang City. It is necessary to further strengthen the professional training and multi-sectoral cooperation ,and take effective pre-vention and control measures to reduce the hazard of imported malaria.
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OBJECTIVE To analyze the susceptible factors and resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii in ICU,in order to create a novel thought of effective prevention and control of A. baumannii cross-infection. METHODS Specimens were collected from ICU patients with infections from Sep 2006 to Sep 2008. The infection characteristic was analyzed and the drug sensitivity was tested to know the risk factors of infection retrospectively. RESULTS The factors of low immunity,severe wound,invasive operation and using ventilator led to the serious cross-infection of A. baumannii in ICU .In vitro drug susceptibility test,the sensitive rates only to cefoperazone/sulbactam and amikacin were higher. They were 65.09% and 72.64%,respectively. CONCLUSIONS It has great significance in the prevention and control of A. baumannii cross-infection in ICU to strengthen the environment disinfection,were education of nosocomial infection knowledge among medical staff,executeing the hand-washing system strictly,useing the antibiotics rationally,keeping the susceptible crowd and adopting de-escalation strategy of prevention and control.